Financial Guidance Archives - MGO CPA | Tax, Audit, and Consulting Services

How to Secure Your Financial Future as a Professional Gamer

Key Takeaways:

Professional gaming careers can be lucrative but short-lived, making smart financial management crucial from the start.
Mastering the intricacies of contracts, taxes, and revenue streams is essential for pro gamers to maximize earnings and avoid costly pitfalls.
Building a sustainable financial future in esports demands a strategic balance between capitalizing on current opportunities and planning to achieve long-term goals.

The rise of electronic sports (esports) has been nothing short of phenomenal. According to Variety, esports viewership increased a whopping 92% from 2019 to 2023 — with viewers watching more than 2.5 billion hours of esports events last year. Major colleges and universities like Ohio State now offer esports degrees, and brands like Intel, Coca-Cola, and Mastercard are spending millions on esports sponsorships each year.

As a professional gamer, you’re part of this fast-growing industry. But with the thrill of competition and the allure of sponsorships comes the challenge of managing your earnings. Whether you’re streaming on Twitch, competing on the esports circuit, or signing a deal with a major brand, understanding how to manage and maximize your income is crucial.

Making the Right Deal: Stream Play Versus Team Play

As a pro gamer, you’ll likely face a key decision: Should you focus on building your own brand through streaming or join a team? Both options have their pros and cons, and your choice will impact your earnings significantly.

Streaming: Building Your Own Brand

Streaming offers you the opportunity to build a personal brand and connect directly with your audience. Platforms like Twitch and YouTube allow you to monetize your content through ads, subscriptions, and donations. However, it also means you’re responsible for managing your content, marketing yourself, and properly tracking and reporting your earnings.

An additional challenge with streaming is validating that you’re getting the right percentage from platforms like YouTube. Are you confident that your views and ad revenue are being reported accurately? This is where working with a financial advisor or a business manager can help. They can audit your earnings, verify you’re being paid fairly, and help you optimize your revenue streams.

Joining a Team: Stability with a Salary

Joining an esports team can provide a steady salary and the chance to compete at the highest levels. Teams often handle sponsorships, brand deals, and the logistics of competition, allowing you to focus solely on your gameplay. However, the trade-off is that you may have less control over your brand, and the team may take a cut of your earnings from sponsorships or tournament winnings.

Before signing with a team, it’s critical to have a lawyer review your contract. They can help you understand the terms, such as how much of your earnings the team will take, what happens if you leave the team, and what other obligations you may have. Remember, a contract that seems straightforward can contain clauses that significantly impact your income and career.

Navigating Taxes in Professional Gaming and Esports

As you start earning from your gaming career, taxes are one of the first challenges you’ll face. Your earnings — whether from streaming, sponsorships, or tournament winnings — are all taxable. It’s essential to understand how taxes work in both the country/locality where you live, as well as any jurisdictions where you earn money.

Domestic Taxes: Earning Income Across the U.S.

In the United States, professional gamers are often subject to what’s known as the “jock tax.” Originally designed for athletes, this tax rule applies to individuals who earn income in states where they do not reside. Today, the rule extends beyond athletes to include high-income earners like entertainers and competitive gamers. The tax is typically based on the number of “duty days” you spend in a state for income-generating activities.

For example, if you live in Illinois and come to California for a tournament, California can tax you on that income — even if you’re only there for a few days. Enforcement of the “jock tax” varies by state and locality, and whether you are taxed may depend on how much you earn (the more you make, the more likely you are to be taxed). Because of varying state and local tax rules, you may end up owing taxes in multiple states and localities depending on where you compete and earn income.

Additionally, if you’re selling merchandise or other products as part of your brand, you’ll also need to be aware of sales tax obligations. Depending on where your customers are located, you may be responsible for collecting and remitting sales tax to different states and localities. Each jurisdiction has its own rules, and failing to comply with them could result in penalties or back taxes.

International Taxes: Considerations for Global Gamers

With esports growing globally, you might earn pro-gaming income from multiple countries — each with its own tax rules. For example, if you win a tournament in South Korea or get sponsorship from a European company, you may owe taxes in those countries. You also need to report all foreign income to your home country, adding complexity to your taxes.

Here are some considerations to keep in mind when managing international taxes:

Double taxation: To avoid paying taxes in two countries on the same income, you can use options like exclusions or foreign tax credits (FTCs). Tax treaties between some countries can also reduce your tax burden. But not all countries have treaties, and claiming these credits can involve complex filings and detailed records. Knowing your options and understanding how to apply them can help you manage your taxes strategically and minimize what you owe across borders.
Withholding taxes: Various countries impose a withholding obligation on certain types of revenue streams. This means, before you receive your earnings, the country may withhold a portion of your taxes. The rate varies depending on the type of income and local tax laws.
Intellectual property (IP): Savvy professional gamers are cognizant of IP such as copyrights and trademarks, as well as name image and likeness (NIL). Whether revenue streams like photoshoots, appearances, speaking engagements, and even your social media presence are compensated as “services” or a “right of use” can influence taxation in various countries. Having clear contracts that appropriately define income classes can help you best manage taxation and protect your rights.

Given the complexity of both domestic and international tax laws, it’s wise to consult with a tax team familiar with the esports industry. They can help you navigate multistate and international tax rules, take advantage of deductions and credits, and structure your finances in a way that minimizes your tax burden across multiple jurisdictions.

5 Common Financial Pitfalls Pro Gamers Should Avoid

In the fast-paced world of esports and professional gaming, it’s easy to get caught up in the excitement and make decisions that could hurt your financial future. Here are a few pitfalls to watch out for:

1. Don’t Rush into Contracts

It’s tempting to sign the first deal that comes your way, especially when there’s a significant amount of money involved. But taking your time to understand the terms of the contract can save you from potential headaches down the line. Work with legal and financial advisors to review any offers before you sign.

2. Watch Out for Hidden Costs

Some deals come with hidden costs that can eat into your earnings. For example, if a team covers your living expenses but then deducts those costs from your winnings you could end up with much less than you expected. Always ask for a detailed breakdown of any expenses and how they will be handled.

3. Budget for the Long Haul

Esports careers can be short — a recent Washington Post headline read “Esports stars have shorter careers than NFL players” — with the peak years often occurring in your early 20s. This makes budgeting and saving for the future even more important.

4. Prioritize Needs Over Wants

When the money starts rolling in, it can be tempting to splurge on the latest gear or a luxury lifestyle. But remember, this income may not last forever. Prioritize saving and investing your money wisely. Work with a financial advisor to create a budget that accounts for your current needs and future goals.

5. Plan for a Sustainable Future

Consider how your current earnings can help you achieve your long-term goals. Whether you want to invest in a new business, save for retirement, or buy a home, planning ahead is key. This is where having a solid financial plan and the right advice can make all the difference.

Level Up Your Financial Strategy

Managing your finances as a pro gamer can be overwhelming, especially when you’re focused on winning and building your brand. That’s why having experienced professionals in your corner can make all the difference. Working with a team of advisors — whether it’s a tax professional, lawyer, or financial planner — can give you the peace of mind to focus on your game knowing your finances are in good hands.

How MGO Can Help

We know the unique challenges you face as a professional gamer. From reviewing contracts to navigating international taxes, we’re here to help you maximize your earnings and secure your financial future. Before you sign any deal or make a financial decision, talk to our Entertainment, Sports, and Media team.

Music Artists: Are You Leaving Royalty Earnings on the Table?

Key Takeaways:

Royalty accounting errors and contractual breaches are widespread in the music industry, likely causing many artists to be underpaid.
A comprehensive royalty audit examines contracts, income sources, expenses, and more to uncover underpayments and leverage for better deals.
Even if no issues are found, an audit provides peace of mind by validating an artist is being compensated properly for their work.

As a music artist, you work tirelessly to create art and build your career. But are you truly being compensated fairly for your creative output?

The sad reality is that royalty accounting errors and contractual breaches are rampant in the music industry, leaving many artists underwhelmed by their royalty statements. Even if you feel like you’re getting paid properly, there’s a strong chance you’re leaving money on the table.

The Prevalence of Royalty Issues

Auditing an artist’s royalty statements nearly always uncovers issues, whether it’s money owed or contractual breaches.

With the complex, multi-layered way music royalties flow these days — from streaming services to publishers to labels — there are numerous potential points of failure where sums can go underreported or uncollected entirely. Add in the many publishing and record labels being sold or merged, and mistakes become extremely common — whether caused by accounting errors, improper/failed registrations, or misinterpreted or ignored contractual language.

Causes of royalty shortfalls include:

Registration issues like incorrect songwriter shares or wrong ISRC (International Standard Recording Code)
Improper royalty rates
Failure to pay bumped royalty rates after recoupment or certified sales levels
Publishers failing to collect from all royalty sources
Expenses improperly deducted from royalty accounts
Uncashed royalty payment checks going unclaimed
Lost/”leaked” revenue in accounting
Improper sample clearances

Even if the dollar amounts seem small at first, contractual breaches can create powerful leverage for artists to escape bad deals, reclaim valuable copyrights, or renegotiate more favorable terms.

“A client came to me when he was trying to sell his catalog. I found a billion streams that his publishing company missed. He would have sold his catalog undervalued,” said royalty expert Dan Sassone.

Uncovering Hidden Revenue Streams

So how can you determine if you’re being paid properly? Embarking on a journey to reclaim lost royalties begins with a thorough examination of your income sources and contractual obligations. By conducting a royalty audit, you can uncover missed opportunities, rectify errors, and ensure compliance with your agreements.

While auditing your royalties is undoubtedly beneficial, the intricacies of the music industry can pose formidable challenges. This is where having a team of knowledgeable professionals on your side becomes invaluable.

Experienced auditors will first comb through your contracts to verify you’re being paid per the agreed rates, bumps, and terms. They’ll check that all income sources (streaming, downloads, broadcasts, etc.) are properly registered and being collected. And they’ll scrutinize deducted expenses line-by-line to validate their accuracy and approval.

This holistic approach can bring to light both overt underpayments and more obscured irregularities that surface-level audits often miss.

Key steps in royalty audits include:

Source Verification – Scrutinize statements from royalty sources and streaming platforms to verify the accuracy of reported earnings. Even major platforms and publishers like Songtrust or BMI can overlook royalties.

Contract Compliance – Compare contractual terms to actual earnings to ensure adherence to agreed-upon rates and conditions. Reviewing your contracts with a fine-tooth comb can reveal inconsistencies between what you’re owed and what you’re receiving, such as incorrect royalty percentages or unreceived bonuses.

Identifying Discrepancies – Cross-reference data to pinpoint discrepancies between reported earnings and expected income. For example, instances of missing streams or incorrect ISRCs can result in significant revenue losses.

How a Royalty Audit Benefits Music Artists

As the industry’s royalty streams grow increasingly complex, taking a guarded stance with your revenue is good business practice. Your gut feeling is a powerful indicator. If you sense that something is off or that you should be earning more, chances are you’re onto something. Even if there aren’t any red flags, it’s still wise to validate you’re getting your full share for the music you brought to life.

Key benefits of royalty audits for musicians include:

Receive Compensation – If there is money that you should have been paid, you may be able to recoup some or all of it or negotiate another form of compensation. Through this process, we have helped artists recoup thousands to millions of dollars they might never have realized otherwise.

Gain Peace of Mind – Rest assured knowing that your earnings are being meticulously reviewed and optimized.

Identify Bad Actors – Determine whether discrepancies stem from contractual misunderstandings, administrative errors, or deliberate misconduct.

Support Legal Efforts – If you are involved in a legal dispute or pre-litigation, audit findings can help you address disputes, negotiate settlements, and safeguard your rights in contractual matters.

Take Charge of Your Royalties Today

Whether you’re a chart-topping sensation or an emerging talent, maximizing your earnings from royalties is essential to your long-term financial well-being. By conducting regular royalty audits, you can safeguard your financial interests, mitigate risks, and ensure that every note you play translates into the fair compensation you deserve.

How We Can Help

MGO is one of the only firms to offer in-depth royalty auditing services. Along with looking at payments, we also conduct a meticulous review of contracts, registers, rates, etc., to determine if anything is missing. Don’t leave hard-earned royalty money on the table — reach out to our team today.

How Pro Athletes Choose Winning Financial Teams

Key Takeaways:

Professional athletes need to assemble teams of qualified advisors to properly manage their complex financial affairs, just as successful CEOs build executive teams to run their companies.
The business manager or CFO plays the crucial role of quarterbacking the athlete’s daily financial operations — providing advice, serving as a gatekeeper, and coordinating the overall strategy with other advisors.
Carefully vetting and selecting a highly qualified, ethical business manager is essential, as many professional athletes have fallen victim to mismanaged finances.

As an athlete entering the draft, you are no longer just a player. You are now a professional, paid to play the game you love at the highest level. But along with the title “professional athlete” comes the weight of greater financial responsibility.

The financial profile of a professional athlete more closely resembles a mid-sized, private company than a typical household. While the economics can be exceptional, an alarming number of players lack the support structure necessary to navigate the depth and complexity of their financial requirements.

A professional athlete is the CEO of the brand that bears your name. To ensure the long-term value of that brand, you need to embrace this role and re-imagine your future beyond the playing field.

How to Assemble a Team to Support Your Athletic Career

Six-time NBA champion Michael Jordan once said, “Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win championships.” This is just as true in the business world as it is in the world of professional sports. That’s why the world’s top CEOs make team-building their top priority. The way they approach that process serves as a valuable roadmap for both CEOs and athletes alike.

The Corporate Model

Most businesses share a common structural framework. While details may vary across different industries and global regions, the core elements of the Corporate Model (below) remain consistent. This framework identifies the primary business functions and areas of expertise critical to an organization’s success.

The Corporate Model has been successfully adapted to a wide variety of business categories, evolving as necessary to the unique needs of each organization’s operating environment.

The Hollywood Model

The film and television industry shares many traits with professional sports. The quality of the product is determined largely by the quality of talent in the spotlight — driving significant demand and high salaries for the best actors, directors, writers, etc.

Over the years, Hollywood leaders recognized that many of the same principles of growth and financial governance in the corporate world apply to talent in film and television. This led to the evolution of what we call the Hollywood Model (shown below).

This model identifies the importance of each individual role in the Corporate Model, albeit by different names. For example, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) becomes the Business Manager, taking the lead on the client’s financial affairs.

The Sports Model

Over the past several decades, the financial lives of professional athletes have become increasingly complex. Salaries, endorsements, appearances, and other sources of income have grown significantly, and so have demands for athletes’ time and attention. However, the average player’s support system has failed to evolve at the same pace. The model below shows how the support team of a typical athlete compares to Corporate Model.

While professional athletes understand the importance of experience, expertise, and teamwork, they often lack a clearly defined model for building their teams off the field. The majority of highly publicized financial failures in professional sports stem from athletes who were either (a) missing key role players on their teams, or (b) trusting important roles to inexperienced or sometimes even unscrupulous acquaintances.

The MGO Model

At MGO, we have been fortunate to work with some of the most successful executives and entrepreneurs in the world — as well as many of the biggest names in sports and entertainment. As a result, we have come to know the traits and practices that drive success across industries.

The MGO Sports Model identifies and defines the roles critical to success — and aligns the work of leading advisors under a common vision. While each role is important, we encourage you to begin with the person who will serve as the quarterback of your daily financial life: your CFO/Business Manager.

Roles and Responsibilities of Your Business Manager

While each member of your team plays a vital role, the CFO/Business Manager is the person with the most tangible daily impact on your financial life.

Here are four ways your CFO/Business Manager contributes to your team:

Quarterback – Your business manager leads your financial operation, responsible for hands-on, real-time execution of the financial plan. This includes establishing budgets, paying bills, and monitoring the expenditures of anyone with access to your accounts or credit cards.

Advisor – Business managers serve as on-call financial advisors, working closely with you on your most important financial decisions — including family estates and trusts, marketing and name, image, likeness (NIL) deals, tax planning (including international tax), major purchases, potential investments, and charitable contributions.

Gatekeeper – High-profile athletes can be targets of investment scams and unwarranted requests for financial support. When these propositions come from friends, family, and former acquaintances, your business manager can serve an important gatekeeper function. By establishing a recognized first point of contact for all financial requests, most questionable requests can be filtered out before they reach you.

Strategist – Your business manager works closely with your entire roundtable of advisors, ensuring that everyone is aligned and working together to implement a common strategy.

Selecting a Trusted Business Manager

Despite the critical role played by CFOs/Business Managers in the financial lives of their clients, most states require no credentials to use the title. As a result, there are people with little or no accounting experience using that title today.

Many of the highly publicized financial challenges in sports and entertainment have stemmed from unqualified and/or unethical advisors serving in the role of business manager for high-profile clients. That’s why we suggest doing your own due diligence before hiring the quarterback of your financial team.

Things to consider when selecting a CFO/Business Manager:

Is the business manager a licensed CPA (certified public accountant)?
Is the business manager’s firm a licensed CPA firm?
What systems and certifications do they have in place to safeguard your money and data privacy?
What services will the CFO/Business Manager provide? For example…
- Financial Planning
- Bill Pay and Cash Management
- Tracking Income/Receivables
- Negotiating/Overseeing Major Purchases
- Overseeing Insurance/Risk Management
- Tax Consulting/Preparation
What types of reports will you receive? (ask to see samples)
How is bill pay managed? How are payment authorizations handled?
Do they have a dedicated staff? Do they have experience with similar clients?

Need Help Navigating the Complexities of Your Financial Journey?

MGO’s dedicated Entertainment, Sports, and Media team understands the unique challenges athletes face and provides tailored solutions that align with your goals. Reach out to us today to learn how we can help you achieve financial success beyond the field.

California Moves to Crack Down on Out-of-State Trusts

Executive Summary

California Governor Newsom strives to amend the personal income tax laws to prevent wealthy taxpayers from utilizing Incomplete Gift Non-Grantor trusts.
California residents use this by transferring assets into trusts held by nonresident trustees in states without income tax.
If this legislation passes, taxpayers will no longer be able to take advantage of the strategy.

If you reduce California income tax with an ING, Newsom is onto you

Californian legislators propose to amend the personal income tax laws to close a little-known-but-effective loophole for the wealthy by targeting Incomplete Gift Non-Grantor (ING) trusts set up in other states with more favorable income tax rules. To date, California residents have had the opportunity to transfer assets into these trusts held by nonresident trustees in states without income tax, utilizing the state’s sourcing rules to avoid the tax. If approved, this new legislation will put a stop to this tax planning strategy.

Taxing the rich in California

As it stands, the ING trust is not commonly used. There are about 1,500 California residents with this trust in states without income tax — and if implemented, California would see a minimal revenue increase (about $30 million in the first year and $15 million in the following years). However, this would put an end to a tax planning strategy the wealthy have been using to their benefit for about 20 years.

Because California is home to more billionaires than any other state at the same time as it also has the highest rate of poverty in the U.S., the concept of taxing the rich holds a certain appeal. In the past, Newsom has opposed proposals to raise taxes — but this proposal was included in the governor’s $223.6 billion budget plan for the next fiscal year, which begins in July. Whether the item survives the legislative process remains to be seen, but if New York’s passage of a similar law in 2014 is any indication, we are likely to see the end of this tax planning strategy for California’s ultra-rich.

Moreover, this proposal has a retroactive element, differentiating it from New York’s and opening it up to potential lawsuits (New York trust holders had a five-month period to move their accounts to a different type of trust without incurring the tax). Newsom is pushing for the measure to begin the calendar year after its implementation.

How the ING works (worked)

What is an ING, and why is Newsom trying to prevent its use? California taxpayers can transfer their assets into out-of-state, incomplete, non-grantor trusts (INGs), which constitute separate, taxable entities under state and federal tax law, and this move avoids California income tax on any appreciation or gains from those assets because it is “sourced” to another state based on the location of the trustee (i.e., the bank or whatever financial institution offers the trustee services in the other state). The non-grantor aspect comes into play when the taxpayer establishing the trust (the “grantor”) gives up control over managing investments or distributing assets to the trustee (contrast with a “grantor trust” in which the grantor continues to control how money is invested/distributed within the trust during their lifetime). For the trust to be deemed “incomplete,” the grantors specify how the money can be used.

Some of the states where these trusts are typically established include Florida, Wyoming, Delaware, Nevada, Tennessee, and South Dakota. For example, a California resident (TP) may decide to transfer stock in their business into an ING established in South Dakota. If TP held the stock directly, then as a resident, all the dividends (or if he sold it, the gain) would be taxable by California on their personal income tax return. But since TP doesn’t hold the asset – the ING does – the ING recognizes the income relating to the stock. California’s current rules provide that the income is sourced to (and thus taxable in) the state where the trustee is domiciled, and for this ING that location is South Dakota, which, incidentally, does not tax this sort of income.

Newsom is hoping that by eliminating this tax-free option, the state of California will be able to increase tax revenue in a way that will not alienate a large number of voters.

How MGO can help

If you are a California resident and currently use an ING as a tax strategy, there are steps to take now to avoid a negative impact. MGO’s experienced Private Client Services team can help you identify and implement an effective response.

The Real Oversight is NOT Having an Audit Committee

By Jim Godsey, CPA, CGMA, Partner, MGO

Everything changes, except when it doesn’t

Time and time again we’ve seen reactions to various accounting scandals, after which new policies, procedures, and legislation are created and implemented. An example of this is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002, which was a direct result of the accounting scandals at Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Tyco, and Arthur Andersen.

SOX was established to provide additional auditing and financial regulations for publicly held companies to address the failures in corporate governance. Primarily it sets forth a requirement that the governing board, through the use of an audit committee, fulfill its corporate governance and oversight responsibilities for financial reporting by implementing a system that includes internal controls, risk management, and internal and external audit functions.

Governments experience challenges and oversight responsibility similar to those encountered by corporate America. Governance risks can be mitigated by applying the provisions of SOX to the public sector.

Some states and local governments have adopted similar requirements to SOX but, unfortunately, in many cases only after cataclysmic events have already taken place. In California, we only need to look back at the bankruptcy of Orange County and the securities fraud investigation surrounding the City of San Diego as examples of audit committees that were established in response to a breakdown in governance.

Taking your audit committee on the right mission

Governments typically establish audit committees for a number of reasons, which include addressing the risk of fraud, improving audit capabilities, strengthening internal controls, and using it as a tool that increases accountability and transparency. As a result, the mission of the audit committee often includes responsibility for:

Oversight of the external audit.
Oversight of the internal audit function.
Oversight for internal controls and risk management.

Chart(er) your course

Most successful audit committees are created by a formal mandate by the governing board and, in some cases, a voter-approved charter. Mandates establish the mission of the committee and define the responsibilities and activities that the audit committee is expected to accomplish. A wide variety of items can be included in the mandate.

Creating the governing board’s resolution is the first step on the road to your audit committee’s success.

Follow the leader(ship)

In practice we see a combination of these attributes, ranging from the full board acting as the audit committee, committees with one or more independent outsiders appointed by the board, and/or members from management and combinations of all of the above. While there are advantages and disadvantages for all of these approaches, each government needs to evaluate how to work within their own governance structure to best arrive at the most workable solution.

Strike the right balance between cost and risk

The overriding responsibility of the audit committee is to perform its oversight responsibilities related to the significant risks associated with the financial reporting and operational results of the government. This is followed closely by the need to work with management, internal auditors and the external auditors in identifying and implementing the appropriate internal controls that will reduce those risks to an acceptable level. While the cost of establishing and enforcing a level of zero risk tolerance is cost prohibitive, the audit committee should be looking for the proper balance of cost and a reduced level of risk.

Engage your audit committee with regular meetings

Depending on the complexity and activity levels of the government, the audit committee should meet at least three times a year. In larger governments, with robust systems and reporting, it’s a good practice to call for monthly meetings with the ability to add special purpose meetings as needed. These meetings should address the following:

External Auditors

Confirmation of the annual financial statement and compliance audit, including scope and timing.
Ad hoc reporting on issues where potential fraud or abuse have been identified.
Receipt and review of the final financial statements and auditor’s reports
Opinion on the financial statements and compliance audit;
Internal controls over financial reporting and grants; and
Violations of laws and regulations.

Internal Auditors

Review of updated risk assessments over identified areas of risk.
Review of annual audit plan, including status of the prior year’s efforts.
Status reports of ongoing and completed audits.
Reporting of the status of corrective action plans, including conditions noted, management’s response, steps taken to correct the conditions, expected time-line for full implementation of the corrective action and planned timing to verify the corrective action plan has been implemented.

Establish resources that are at the ready

Audit committees should be given the resources and authority to acquire additional expertise as and when required. These resources may include, but are not limited to, technical experts in accounting, auditing, operations, debt offerings, securities lending, cybersecurity, and legal services.

Taking extra steps now will save time later

While no system can guarantee breakdowns will not occur, a properly established audit committee will demonstrate for both elected officials and executive management that on behalf of their constituents they have taken the proper steps to reduce these risks to an acceptable tolerance level. History has shown over and over again that breakdowns in governance lead to fraud, waste and abuse. Don’t be deluded into thinking that it will never happen to your organization. Make sure it doesn’t happen on your watch.